Sulfur- and oil-soaked materials were sometimes ignited and thrown at the enemy, or attached to spears, arrow and bolts and fired by hand or machine. Incendiary mixtures, such as the petroleum-based Greek fire, could be launched by throwing machines or administered through a siphon. These weapons or devices could be used by individuals, thrown by siege engines, or utilised as army strategy. Incendiary devices were frequently used as projectiles during warfare, particularly during sieges and naval battles: some substances were boiled or heated to inflict damage by scalding or burning other substances relied on their chemical properties to inflict burns or damage. 70, by David Roberts (1850), shows the city burningĮarly thermal weapons were used in warfare during the classical and medieval periods (approx 8th century BC until the mid-16th century AD) using heat or burning action to destroy or damage enemy personnel, fortifications or territories. The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A.D.
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